Object Oriented Programming

Fundamental Concepts

Classes And Objects: Classes are blueprints for objects, defining their structure and behavior. Objects are instances of classes.
Reference Variable: A variable that stores the memory address of an object, enabling access to its properties and methods.
Member And Local Variable: Member variables belong to a class and are accessible throughout the class. Local variables are defined within methods and have limited scope.
Initialization Blocks: Code blocks used to initialize instance variables of a class. They run when an instance of the class is created.
Java Packages: Mechanism for organizing classes and interfaces into namespaces to prevent naming conflicts and provide modularity.
Access Specifiers: Keywords like public, private, and protected used to control the visibility and accessibility of classes, variables, and methods.

Constructor: Special methods used for initializing objects. They have the same name as the class and are invoked automatically when an object is created.
Constructor Overloading: Having multiple constructors in a class, each with a different parameter list, enabling object creation with various initial states.
Method Overloading: Defining multiple methods in a class with the same name but different parameter lists, providing flexibility in method invocation.
Java Bean: A reusable software component adhering to specific naming conventions, used to encapsulate many objects into a single object.

Encapsulation: Bundling of data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit, restricting access to the internal state of objects.
Inheritance (Is-A Relation): Mechanism where a new class inherits properties and behaviors of an existing class, promoting code reuse and establishing a hierarchical relationship.
Polymorphism (Method Overriding): Ability of a method to behave differently based on the object it is acting upon, achieved through method overriding.
Type Casting: Conversion of one data type to another, either implicitly or explicitly, to allow compatibility and proper data manipulation.
Abstraction: Process of hiding implementation details and showing only essential features of an object, simplifying complexity and managing system complexity.
Abstract Classes And Methods: Classes and methods declared with the abstract keyword, requiring subclasses to provide implementation details.
Interface: A blueprint of a class containing only method signatures, providing a contract for the behavior a class must implement.

Generalization And Specialization: Concepts in inheritance where a subclass generalizes the behavior of its superclass, and specialization occurs when a subclass adds more specific behavior.
Standardization: Process of establishing standards to ensure compatibility, consistency, and interoperability within the Java ecosystem.
Has-A Relation: Design principle where objects contain other objects as part of their state, enhancing code reusability and modularity.